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Small PDAs may close on their own. Larger ones can be treated with medication (ibuprofen or indomethacin) or a quick catheter procedure — no open chest surgery needed in most cases.
Many ASDs can be closed with a simple catheter procedure — no open-heart surgery needed. Small ones may never cause problems and can sometimes close on their own.
The most common CHD. Small VSDs often close on their own by age 2–3. Larger ones may need a catheter patch or surgery.
Babies need 3 open-heart surgeries over the first few years: Norwood (newborn), Glenn (4–6 months), Fontan (2–4 years).
Usually one open-heart surgery between 3–6 months of age. Outcomes are very good.
Arterial switch surgery in the first week of life. After surgery most children have near-normal life expectancy.
Treatment is surgery in babies, or a balloon procedure / stent in older children. The outlook after repair is very good.
Mild cases may need no treatment, just regular check-ups. Moderate to severe cases are often treated with a balloon catheter procedure that gently stretches the valve open — usually no open-heart surgery needed.